Sidney bradshaw fay biography of mahatma

But when Bethmann realized that Russia was likely to intervene, that England might not remain neutral, and that there was danger of a world war of which Germany and Austria would appear to be the instigators, he tried to call a halt on Austria, but it was too late. Germany's geographical position between France and Russia, and her inferiority in number of troops, had made necessary the plan of crushing the French army quickly at first and then fuming against Russia.

This was only possible, in the opinion of her strategists, by marching through Belgium, as it was generally anticipated by military men that she would do in case of a European War. On July 29, after Austria had declared war on Serbia, and after the Tsar had assented to general mobilization in Russia though this was not known in Berlin and was later postponed for a day owing to the Kaiser's telegram to the TsarBethmantook the precaution of sending to the German Minister in Brussels a sealed envelope.

The Minister was not to open it except on further instructions. It contained the later demand for the passage of the German army through Belgium. This does not mean, however, that Germany had decided for war. In fact, Bethmann was one of the last of the statesmen to abandon hope of peace and to consent to the mobilization of his country's army.

Sidney bradshaw fay biography of mahatma: Sidney Bradshaw Fay concludes that

General mobilization of the continental armies rook place in the following order: Serbia, Russia, Austria, France and Germany. General mobilization by a Great Power was commonly interpreted by mili tary men in every country, though perhaps not by Sir Edward Grey, the Tsar, and some civilian officials, as meaning that the country was on the point of making war-that the military machine had begun to move and would not be stopped.

Hence, when Germany reamed of the Russian general mobilization, she sent ultimatums to St. Petersburg and Paris, warning that German mobilization would follow unless Russia suspended hers within twelve hours, and asking what would be the attitude of France. The answers being unsatisfactory, Germany then mobilized and declared war. It was the hasty Russian general mobilization, assented to on July 29 and ordered on July 30, while Germany was still trying to bring Austria to accept mediation proposals, which finally rendered the European War inevitable.

Russia was partly responsible for the Austro-Serbian conflict because of the frequent encouragement which she had given at Belgrade-that Serbian national unity would be ultimately achieved with Russian assistance at Austrian expense.

Sidney bradshaw fay biography of mahatma: ANDREWS, C. F. Mahatma

This had led the Belgrade Cabinet to hope for Russian support in case of a war with Austria, and the hope did not prove vain in July, But in her armaments, though not yet completed, had made such progress that the militarists were confident of success, if they had French and British support. In the spring ofthe Minister of War, Sukhomlinov, had published an article in a Russian newspaper, though with-out signing his name, to the effect, "Russia is ready, France must be ready also.

Russia's responsibility lay also in the secret preparatory military measures which she was making at the same time that she was carrying on diplomatic negotiations. These alarmed Germany and Austria. But it was primarily Russia's general mobilization, made when German, was trying to bring Austria to a settlement, which precipitated the final catastrophe, causing Germany to mobilize and declare war.

The part of France is less clear than that of the other Great Powers, because she has not yet made a full publication of her documents. To be sure, Poincare, in the fourth volume of his memoirs, has made a skilful and elaborate plea, to prove "La France innocents. It is quite clear that on his visit to Russia he assured the Tsar's Government that France would support her as an ally in preventing Austria from humiliating or crushing Serbia.

Paleologue renewed these assurances in a way to encourage Russia to take a strong hand. He did not attempt to restrain Russia from military measures which he knew would call forth German counter-measures and cause war. Nor did he keep his Government promptly and tulle informed of the military steps which were being taken at St. President Poincare, upon his return to France, made efforts for peace, but his great preoccupation w as to minimize French and Russian preparatory measures and emphasize those of Germans, in order to secure the certainty of British sup-port in a struggle which he now regarded as inevitable.

Sidney bradshaw fay biography of mahatma: In this excerpt, author Sidney Bradshaw

Randall Louis R. Boyd Frederic C. Potter Joseph Strayer Thomas C. Cochran Lynn Townsend White Jr. Richard B. Morris Charles Gibson William J. Pinkney Bernard Bailyn Gordon A. Craig Philip D. Curtin Arthur S. Link William H. McNeill Carl N. Tilly Thomas C. Miller Robert Darnton Eric Foner McPherson Jonathan D. Spence James J. New York: Macmillan, Germany: revised and edited from the work of Bayard Taylorby Sidney B.

The AHA brings together historians from all specializations and all work contexts, embracing the breadth and variety of activity in history today. AHA President. Sidney B. Back to AHA Presidents. Position AHA President, Learn more about citation styles Citation styles Encyclopedia. More From encyclopedia. Fay, Mrs. Fay, Meagen. Fay, Maude. Fay, Eliza — Fay, Cyril Sigourney Webster.

Fay, Annie Eva ca. Fay, Amy Amelia Muller. Fay, Amy — Fay v.