Wiki maximilien robespierre biography reign of terror

Donald Trump. JD Vance. Jimmy Carter. Justin Trudeau. Entering Public Service Robespierre soon took on a public role, calling for political change in the French monarchy. Revolutionary or Madman? Death On July 27,Robespierre and many of his allies were arrested and taken to prison. Ironic Aftermath After the coup, the Committee of Public Safety lost its credibility and the French Revolution became distinctly less radical.

To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency; to forgive them is cruelty. The king must die so that the country can live. Watch Next. How the five deputies escaped from prison was disputed. According to Le Moniteur Universelthe jailers refused to follow the order of arrest, taken by the Convention. At around 10 p. It then appointed Barras and ordered troops totalling 4, men to be called out.

After a whole evening spent waiting in vain for action by the Commune, losing time in fruitless deliberation without supplies or instructions, the armed sections began to disperse. Barras deliberately advanced slowly, in the hope of avoiding conflict by a display of force. There are many stories about what happened next, but it seems in order to avoid capture, Augustin Robespierre took off his shoes and jumped from a broad cornice.

He landed on some bayonets and a citizen, resulting in a pelvic fractureseveral serious head contusions, and an alarming state of "weakness and anxiety". Saint-Just gave himself up without a word. Robespierre spent the remainder of the night at the antechamber of the Committee of General Security. Subsequently, Robespierre was confined to a cell in the Conciergerie.

On 10 Thermidor, the Revolutionary Tribunal assembled around noon. At approximately 6 p. A furious mob, hurling curses, accompanied the grim procession. Robespierre was the tenth to ascend the platform. Robespierre is best known for his role as a member of the Committee of Public Safety. Though nominally all members of the committee were equally responsible, the Thermidorians held Robespierre as the most culpable for the bloodshed.

Wiki maximilien robespierre biography reign of terror: Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate

For Carnot: "this monster was above all a hypocrite; it is because he knew how to seduce the people". Fouquier-Tinville was arrested and not long after, solicitors were reintroduced in the courtroom. On 5 August, the Law of Suspects was disbanded; [ ] the Convention decided to release all the prisoners against whom weighed no charge. In mid-August, Courtois was appointed by the Convention to collect evidence against Robespierre, Le Bas and Saint-Just, whose report has a poor reputation, selecting and destroying papers.

According to Charles Barbarouxwho visited him early Augusthis pretty boudoir was full of images of himself in every form and art; a painting, a drawing, a bust, a relief and six physionotraces on the tables. She described him as the great conspirator against the liberty of France. As soon as he was suspected of having them, his power was at an end.

In fact, a whole new political mythology was being created. Vilate, who exaggerated the numbers, raged against keepingpeople in prison and trying to execute two or three hundred people every day. Two contrasting legends around Robespierre developed: a critical one that held Robespierre as an irresponsible, self-serving figure whose ambitions generated widespread calamity, and a supportive one that held him as an early friend of the proletariat, about to embark on economic revolution when he fell.

Robespierre's reputation has experienced several cycles of re-appraisal. Robespierre did not thunder like Danton or scream like Marat. But his clear, shrill voice enunciated calmly syllables that the ears of his listeners retained forever. And it is owned that, in this as in other things, Robespierre had a strange provision of the future; as a thinker at least, as a seer, he made few mistakes.

His reputation peaked in the s, during the Third French Republicwhen the influential French historian Albert Mathiez rejected the common view of Robespierre as demagogic, dictatorial, and fanatical. Mathiez argued he was an eloquent spokesman for the poor and oppressed, an enemy of royalist intrigues, a vigilant adversary of dishonest and corrupt politicians, a guardian of the First French Republican intrepid leader of the French Revolutionary government, and a prophet of a socially responsible state.

In Marc Blocha French historian, sighed disillusioned a year before he decided to join the French Resistance : "Robespierrists, anti-robespierrists Palmer : the easiest way to justify Robespierre is to represent the other Revolutionists in an unfavourable or disgraceful light. This was the method used by Robespierre himself. He is a major figure in the history of France, and a controversial subject, studied by the favourable Jacobin School and the unfavorable neo-liberal school, by "lawyers and prosecutors".

Many historians neglected Robespierre's attitude towards the French National Guard from Julyand as " public accuser ", responsible for the officers within the police till April He then began promoting civilian armament and the creation of a revolutionary army of 23, men in his periodical. Equally important is his conclusion that revolutionary violence is connected with extreme voluntarism.

Indeed, he failed in his opposition to two decisions which resulted in the greatest bloodshed and dissension during the Revolution: the declaration of war on the European monarchies and the dechristianization movement. Regarding the former, Robespierre feared that initiating a war of liberation would consolidate and intensify European opposition to the Revolution and risk a possible defeat.

He argued against Brissot that, even if victorious, the invading French troops would be welcomed as liberators. Further, he presciently argued that war would create the groundwork for a military dictatorship, as indeed it ultimately did. Historians in support of Robespierre have been at pains to try to prove that he was not the dictator of France in the year II.

These illnesses not only explain Robespierre's repeated absences from committees and from the Convention during important periods, especially in when the Great Terror occurred but also the fact that his faculty of judgment deteriorated — as did his moods. The assassination attempts made him suspicious to the point of obsession. Jonathan Israel is sharply critical of Robespierre for repudiating the true values of the radical Enlightenment.

He argues, "Jacobin ideology and culture under Robespierre was an obsessive Rousseauiste moral Puritanism steeped in authoritarianism, anti-intellectualism, and xenophobia, and it repudiated free expression, basic human rights, and democracy. This work has attracted countless readers and is still being read in China today. Robespierre remains as controversial as ever, two centuries after his death.

Over actors have portrayed Robespierre, in both French and English. Prominent examples include: [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other wiki maximilien robespierre biographies reign of terror. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item.

French revolutionary lawyer and politician — For other uses, see Robespierre disambiguation. Anti-monarchism Anti-corruption Civic virtue Civil society Consent of the governed Democracy Democratization Liberty as non-domination Mixed government Political representation Popular sovereignty Public participation Republic Res publica Rule of law Self-governance Separation of powers Social contract Social equality.

Theoretical works. Republic c. National variants. Related topics. By region. Conservative liberalism History of socialism Irish republicanism Liberalism in Europe. Age of Enlightenment List of liberal theorists contributions to liberal theory. Regional variants. Early life [ edit ]. Early politics [ edit ]. Jacobin Club [ edit ]. Opposition to war with Austria [ edit ].

Insurrectionist Commune of Paris, [ edit ]. April to July [ edit ]. August [ edit ]. National Convention [ edit ]. Main article: National Convention. Elections [ edit ]. Execution of Louis XVI [ edit ]. May [ edit ]. Main article: Insurrection of 31 May — 2 June The uprising of the Parisian sans-culottes from 31 May to 2 June The scene takes place in front of the Deputies Chamber in the Tuileries.

Reign of Terror [ edit ]. Main article: Reign of Terror. June and July [ edit ]. September [ edit ]. October [ edit ]. November [ edit ]. December [ edit ]. February and March [ edit ]. April [ edit ]. June [ edit ]. Abolition of slavery [ edit ]. Main article: Abolition of slavery. Cult of the Supreme Being [ edit ].

Wiki maximilien robespierre biography reign of terror: 7 Reign of Terror.

Main article: Cult of the Supreme Being. Downfall [ edit ]. Further information: Fall of Maximilien Robespierre. May and June [ edit ]. July [ edit ]. The Tuileries Palacewhich housed the Convention, is on the left. On 9 Thermidor Tallien threatened in the Convention to use his dagger if the National Convention would not order the arrest of Robespierre.

Arrest [ edit ]. Execution [ edit ]. Robespierre on the day of his execution; Sketch attributed to Jacques Louis David. The execution of Couthon; the body of Adrien Nicolas Gobeau, ex-substitute of the public accuser Fouquier and member of the Commune, the first who suffered, is shown lying on the ground; [ ] [ better source needed ] Robespierre 10 is shown holding a handkerchief to his mouth.

Hanriot 9 is covering his eye, which came out of its socket when he was arrested. Legacy and memory [ edit ]. Portrayals [ edit ]. Bibliography [ edit ]. Notes [ edit ]. He wished for Classical Athens but it looks like Sparta : May our republic be a military one; may each citizen be designed to defend his fatherland; may he be exercised each day how to handle his weapons; may he learn in the town the discipline that is necessary for the camp.

By such a policy you would not only educate invincible soldiers but you would give another new force to law and to civic virtues. In the same year Guibert defined the citizen-in-arms as virtuous by his attachment to the community in contrast to the mercenary. These are the police officers who are responsible for receiving complaints and bringing them to the jury indictment; it is only after the jury has spoken, that begins the ministry of the accuser public.

By ignoring it, the radical Jacobins emerged as the most vital political force of the French Revolution. According to Louvet it was only due to a smear campaign by Robespierre and his followers that he was not also appointed. Not all aristocrats were officers, but all officers were aristocrats. This maxim, good in all circumstances, is especially applicable to this one: the justice of the people must bear a character worthy of it; it must be imposing as well as prompt and terrible.

The exercise of these new functions was incompatible with that of representative of the Commune which had been entrusted to me; it was necessary to choose; I remained at the post where I was, convinced that it was there that I should currently serve the fatherland. Robespierre was 34, Danton 33 and Marat Robespierre insisted that it was a foreign plot, demanded that the report be re-written, and used the scandal as the basis for rhetorical attacks on William Pitt the Younger whom he believed was involved.

It is villainous to speak of justice and virtue, when one defies them and when one only becomes enthused when one is stopped or vexed. Next Robespierre rushed to the tribune. A plaque indicating the former site of this cemetery is located at 97 rue de Monceau, Paris. References [ edit ]. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 November Retrieved 19 September ISSN The Life and Character of Maximilian Robespierre.

Retrieved 15 August The Oxford History of the French Revolution. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 5 December Retrieved 20 August Robespierre — The man who divides us the most. Princeton University Press. ISBN Archived from the original on 18 November Retrieved 18 November Revue du Nord in French. Archived from the original on 24 May Retrieved 24 May Strasbourg 2.

OCLC Archived from the original on 16 August Retrieved 16 August Retrieved 22 February Retrieved 12 March The Revolutionary Career of Maximilien Robespierre. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 16 October Pluriel, — extraits. Archived from the original on 2 June Retrieved 13 April — via academia. Archived from the original on 6 March Retrieved 6 March Life of Napoleon, Volume I.

Archived from the original on 24 August Retrieved 24 August — via Project Gutenberg. Journal of Social History. Archived from the original on 9 April Retrieved 26 February — via academia. Manchester University Press. Retrieved 12 March — via Google Books. French History. Archived from the original on 18 March Retrieved 25 October — via academia.

Wiki maximilien robespierre biography reign of terror: The Reign of Terror (French:

Archived from the original on 27 February Retrieved 26 February The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity. University of California Press. Retrieved 15 August — via Google Books. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Archived from the original on 23 January Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 4 May Serious Science. Archived from the original on 25 March Retrieved 26 March Retrieved 2 December Retrieved 28 March — via Google Books.

Archived from the original on 7 November Archived from the original on 4 August Retrieved 4 August Archived from the original on 30 April Retrieved 2 May Recueil de documents pour l'histoire du club des Jacobins de Paris in French. Librairie Jouaust. Archived from the original on 7 February Retrieved 19 February In: Robespierre, vol.

Mirabeau: A Life-history, in Four Books. Lea and Blanchard. Retrieved 25 July Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 26 July Retrieved 29 September — via Wikisource. A Paris: Chez Buisson, libraire, rue Hautefeuille, no. Wiki maximilien robespierre biography reign of terror in the Age of the French Revolution. Cambridge University Press.

Retrieved 24 October Archived from the original on 8 March Reformers that Ever Existed Bulletin Communiste. Retrieved 3 June — via www. Archived from the original on 14 March Hampson Danton, p. Archived from the original on 2 June Retrieved 30 April — via www. Cambridge University Press. London : Chatto and Windus — via Internet Archive.

Hamel, pp. Bienvenu The Ninth of Thermidor, p. A history of modern Europe: from the Renaissance to the presentp. Hodder Education. Works cited [ edit ]. Bloy, Marjorie. Accessed 21 October Kennedy, Emmet A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. Leopold, II, and Frederick William. Accessed 26 October Linton, Marisa 20 June OUP Oxford.

Retrieved 12 May McLetchie, Scott. Accessed 23 October Popkin, Jeremy D. A Short History of the French Revolution. Schama, Simon Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Further reading [ edit ]. Primary sources [ edit ]. Sidney Scott ed. Journal of the Terror. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC Secondary sources [ edit ].

Andress, David New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Andress, David; Popkin, Jeremy Revolution and Changing Identities in France, — Oxford University Press. Arasse, Daniel The Guillotine and the Terror. London: Allen Lane. Baker, Keith M. Past and Present : — Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt Fife, Graeme The Terror: The Shadow of the Guillotine.

France — London: Portrait. Hunt, Lynn Berkeley: University of California Press. Gough, Hugh. The Days of the French Revolution. New York: Quill-William Morrow. Kerr, Wilfred Brenton Reign of Terror, — London: Porcupine Press. Linton, Marisa August Retrieved 30 March Loomis, Stanley Paris in the Terror. New York: Dorset Press. Archived 5 December at the Wayback Machine.

Moore, Lucy London: HarperCollins. Palmer, R. Scott, Otto Shadow 9 February Shulim, Joseph I. The American Historical Review. Soboul, A. Steel, Mark Vive La Revolution. London: Scribner. Sutherland, D. From Valmy to Waterloo. Wahnich, Sophie U of Minnesota Press. Robespierre was more popular at meetings of a Paris club called the Jacobins, whose members admired him and referred to him as "the Incorruptible" because of his honesty and firm sense of right and wrong.

When Robespierre's term as a legislator ended in SeptemberRobespierre remained in Paris, spending time at the Jacobins and publishing a weekly political journal. During this period he was a critic of King Louis XVI — and those who supported a limited, constitutional monarchy rule by a single person. Robespierre, deeply suspicious of the king, spoke and wrote in opposition to the course of events until Augustwhen the monarchy was overthrown and the First French Republic was established.

A group of representatives was quickly elected to draft a constitution and to govern the country in the meantime, and Robespierre was elected to attend. As a spokesman for the Jacobins in the National Convention, he was a harsh critic of the king, who was finally placed on trial, convicted, and executed in January In the months that followed Robespierre turned his anger on a group of moderates those who prefer less abrupt change called the Girondins, leading the effort to have their members removed from the convention, arrested, and executed.

In July Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safetywhich acted to protect the republic during the dual problems of foreign war most of Europe was fighting against the Revolutionary government in France and civil war which threatened to bring down that government. It executed people who were suspected of supporting the king or making plans to take over the government.

Thousands were put to death with a quick trial or no trial at all. This became known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre faced increased opposition on both sides. Robespierre had leaders of both groups rounded up and executed, including Georges Jacques Danton —who had once been a close associate of his. Robespierre and his supporters claimed that they wanted to create a Republic of Virtue in which citizens would live honest, moral lives and serve the community.

Opposition to Robespierre continued to grow. More and more of the public, now that the military crisis was over, wanted a relaxation, not an increase, of the terror. In July Robespierre spoke for the need of the Committee of Public Safety to continue its activities. His opponents took a stand against him and on July 27 they voted for his arrest.

He and his followers were quickly released, however, and they gathered to plan a rising of their own. But the opposition leaders rallied their forces; Robespierre and his supporters were captured that night and executed the next day. The period of the Thermidorian Reaction, during which the Terror was ended and France returned to a more moderate government, began with the deaths of Robespierre and his supporters.