Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk

Praha: Academia Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire. Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Edinburgh: A. Black, Histoire de la campagne de Waterloo. Brusel: Lacroix, Les origines de la France contemporaine. Brusel: Hachette, Plon, Literatura [ editovat editovat zdroj ]. Bitva u Slavkova 2. Alexandr I. Ve funkci: Napoleon II. Napulione Buonaparte a Napoleone di Buonaparte.

Carlo Buonaparte Laetitia Buonaparte. Bil jsem ho a kousal. Manfred [ ]. Hugo Kapet. Robert II. Filip I. Filip II. Filip III. Chilperich I. Guntran I. Sigibert I. Childebert II. Teoderich II. Chlotar II. Dagobert I. Charibert II. Chlodovik II. Sigibert III. Chlotar III. Childerich II. Teoderich III. Chlodovik III. Dagobert II. Chlodovik IV.

Childebert III. Dagobert III. Napoleon III. Register pevnosti Ham zo 7. V noci z 1. Program Napoleona III. Alexander II. V roku vyslal Napoleon III. V kampani Cochinchina slov. V priebehu Ale, 3. Na konci roku dal Napoleon III. Nemci 5. Nemci dorazili Michala do Farnborough Anglicko. Historici Fisher, Fellow of the British Academy and of the two St.

Mary Winton Colleges. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. The American Historical Review ISSN DOI : London : Routledge, ISBN Ballots and barricades : class formation and republican politics in France, Princeton, N. The Shadow Emperor. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography This boy would make an excellent sailor". One story of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, which allegedly showed his leadership abilities.

He excelled at mathematics, and read widely in geography, history and literature. However, he was poor at French and German. Paoli returned to the island in Julybut he had no sympathy for Bonaparte, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted the cause of Corsican independence. Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists.

He became a supporter of the Jacobins and joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations to secede. In FebruaryBonaparte took part in the failed French expedition to Sardinia.

Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk: Napoleonské vojny ( - )

Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that his regime was corrupt and incompetent, the French National Convention outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and French troops failed to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's supporters. When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on the French mainland.

Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery. In September, with the help of his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe SalicetiBonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces sent to recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by Allied forces. The successful assault on the position on 16—17 December led to the napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk of the city.

Toulon brought Bonaparte to the attention of powerful men including Augustin Robespierrethe younger brother of Maximilien Robespierrea leading Jacobin. He was promoted to brigadier general and put in charge of defences on the Mediterranean coast. In Februaryhe was made artillery commander of the Army of Italy and devised plans to attack the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the Second Battle of Saorgio in Apriland then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains. From Ormea, it headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine the country's intentions towards France.

After the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre in JulyBonaparte's association with leading Jacobins made him politically suspect to the new regime. He was arrested on 9 August but released two weeks later. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. In August, he obtained a position with the Bureau of Topography where he worked on military planning.

The request was eventually granted, but he never took up the post. On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention. Bonaparte had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard during the Insurrection of 10 August there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer, Joachim Muratto seize cannons and Bonaparte deployed them in key positions.

About to 1, rebels died in the uprising. Bonaparte's role in defeating the rebellion earned him and his family the patronage of the new government, the French Directory. Josephine had been born in the French colonies in the Lesser Antillesand her family owned slaves on sugar plantations [ 73 ] The couple married on 9 March in a civil ceremony.

Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia in Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of victories during the Montenotte campaignhe knocked the Piedmontese out of the war in two weeks. The Austrians launched offensives against the French to break the siege, but Bonaparte defeated every relief effort, winning the Battle of Castiglionethe Battle of Bassanothe Battle of Arcoleand the Battle of Rivoli.

The French then invaded the heartlands of the House of Habsburg. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen inbut Charles withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning of Bonaparte's assault. In their napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk encounter, Bonaparte pushed Charles back and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning the Battle of Tarvis in March Alarmed by the French thrust that reached Leobenabout km from Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace.

The preliminary peace of Leobensigned on 18 April, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countriesand promised to partition the Republic of Venice with Austria. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army capturedprisoners, cannons, and standards.

The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and one for circulation in France. This left Barras and his republican allies in control again but more dependent upon Bonaparte who finalized peace terms with Austria by the Treaty of Campo Formio.

After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the British Royal Navy. He decided on a military expedition to seize Egypt and thereby undermine Britain's access to its trade interests in India. His Egyptian expedition included a group of scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and geodesists among them.

Grand Master Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men. Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July, about 24 km 15 mi from the pyramids.

Bonaparte's forces of 25, roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French [ 98 ] and approximately 2, Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the French army's morale. On 1 Augustthe British fleet under Sir Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nilepreventing Bonaparte from strengthening the French position in the Mediterranean.

Bonaparte led these 13, French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of ArishGazaJaffaand Haifa. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,—5, prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Bonaparte began with an army of 13, men. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acreso he marched his army back to Egypt in May.

Bonaparte was alleged to have ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium to speed the retreat. Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition.

Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk: Napoleon French military leader,

Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return from Egypt with his army to ward off a possible invasion of France, but these messages never arrived. The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's desertion but was too weak to punish him. The constitution also established a Legislative Body and Tribunate which were selected from indirectly elected candidates, and a Senate and Council of State which were effectively nominated by the executive.

The new constitution was approved by plebiscite on 7 February The official count was over three million in favour and 1, against. Lucien, however, had doubled the count of the "yes" vote to give the false impression that a majority of those eligible to vote had approved the constitution. Historians have variously described Bonaparte's new regime as "dictatorship by plebiscite," [ ] "absolutist rule decked out in the spirit of the age," [ ] and "soft despotism.

Bonaparte believed that the best way to secure his regime was by a victorious peace. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, [ f ] the French captured Milan on 2 June. The Austrian army fled leaving behind 14, casualties. When peace negotiations with Austria stalled, Bonaparte reopened hostilities in November. A French army under General Moreau swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory over the Austrians at Hohenlinden in December.

The napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Bonaparte's triumph at Marengo increased his popularity and political authority. However, he still faced royalist plots and feared Jacobin influence, especially in the army. Several assassination plots, including the Conspiration des poignards Dagger plot in October and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise two months later, gave him a pretext to arrest about suspected Jacobins and royalists, some of whom were shot and many others deported to penal colonies.

Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial Concordat of with Pope Pius VII under which the Pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France.

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad. It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime. France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in Februarybut, in MayBonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe which were under the control of rebel generals.

A French military expedition under Antoine Richepanse regained control of Guadeloupe and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July. Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies — a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo — but was under the control of the former slave Toussaint Louverture. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

In MayBonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8, French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of Haiti in As war with Britain again loomed inBonaparte realized that his American colony of Louisiana would be difficult to defend. The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate Malta as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his Act of Mediationwhich established a new Swiss Confederation.

Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies as a prisoner of war.

In FebruaryBonaparte's police made a series of arrests in relation to a royalist plot to kidnap or assassinate him that involved the British government, Moreau and an unnamed Bourbon prince.

Napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk: Français: Napoléon dans l'uniforme de Colonel

On the advice of his foreign minister, Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the Duke of Enghienviolating the sovereignty of Baden. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though there was no proof he had been involved in the plot. Enghien's kidnapping and execution infuriated royalists and monarchs throughout Europe, and drew a formal protest from Russia.

Following the royalist plot, Bonaparte's supporters convinced him that creating a hereditary regime would help secure it in case of his death, make it more acceptable to constitutional monarchists, and put it on the same footing as other European monarchies. The following day, Napoleon appointed 18 of his leading generals Marshals of the Empire.

The hereditary empire was confirmed by a plebiscite in June. The official result showed 3. The yes count, however, was falsely inflated bytovotes. After having been anointed by the pope, Napoleon crowned himself with a replica of Charlemagne's napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk. He then swore an oath to defend the territory of the Republic; to respect the Concordat, freedom of worship, political and civil liberty and the sale of nationalized lands; to raise no taxes except by law; to maintain the Legion of Honour ; and to govern in the interests, wellbeing and the glory of the French people.

Austria saw this as a provocation because of its own territorial interests in Italy. In andNapoleon had assembled a force around Boulogne for an invasion of Britain. Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, Napoleon abandoned his invasion of England and sought to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian ally could arrive in force.

On 25 September,French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of km mi. Austrian commander Karl Mack had gathered most of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia. Napoleon's army, however, moved quickly and outflanked the Austrian positions. After some minor engagements that culminated in the Battle of UlmMack surrendered. For just 2, French casualties, Napoleon had captured 60, Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching.

For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by Napoleon's fleet. French forces occupied Vienna in November, capturingmuskets, cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube.

Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Francis I decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates. He ordered his right wing to feign retreat, enticing the Allies to descend from the heights in pursuit. The French centre and left wing then captured the heights and caught the allies in a pincer movement. Thousands of Russian troops fled across a frozen lake to escape the trap and to 2, of them drowned.

The disaster at Austerlitz led Austria to seek an armistice. By the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, Austria left the coalition, lost substantial territory to the Kingdom of Italy and Bavaria, and was forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs. Alexander's army was granted safe passage back to Russia. Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought".

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, possibly by forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally". It collapsed in when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance.

After Austerlitz, Napoleon increased his political power in Europe. Inhe deposed the Bourbon king of Naples and installed his elder brother, Joseph, on the throne. He then made his younger brother, Louis, King of Holland. The creation of the confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Napoleon's growing influence in Germany threatened the status of Prussia as a great power and in response Frederick William III decided on war with France. Prussia and Russia signed a new military alliance creating the fourth coalition against France. Prussia, however, committed a strategic blunder by declaring war when French troops were still in southern Germany and months before sufficient Russian troops could reach the front.

Napoleon invaded Prussia withtroops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards thus cutting the Prussians off from Berlin and the slowly approaching Russians. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedtfought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties.

With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which quickly disintegrated. In the following month, the French capturedsoldiers and over 2, cannon. Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and fought a bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February The two emperors began peace negotiations on 25 June at the town of Tilsit during a meeting on a raft floating in the middle of the River Niemen which separated the French and Russian troops and their respective spheres of influence.

Napoleon offered Alexander relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldaviaand hand over the Ionian Islands to France. In contrast, Prussia was treated harshly. It lost half its territory and population and underwent a two-year occupation costing it about 1. Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused lasting resentment against France in that country.

The treaty was also unpopular in Russia, putting pressure on Alexander to end the alliance with France. Nevertheless, the Treaties of Tilsit gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over days. After Tilsit, Napoleon turned his attention to Portugalwhich was reluctant to strictly enforce the blockade against its traditional ally Britain.

Napoleon then made his brother Joseph King of Spain. By then, there wereFrench troops garrisoned in the peninsula [ ] [ ] and widespread Spanish opposition to the occupation and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons. On 2 May, an uprising against the French broke out in Madrid and spread throughout Spain in the following weeks.

In the face of brutal French repression, the uprising developed into a sustained conflict. Under the Convention of Cintrathe French evacuated Portugal. Before leaving for Spain, he attempted to strengthen the alliance with Russia and obtain a commitment from Alexander that Russia would declare war on Austria if she attacked France. At the Congress of Erfurt in OctoberNapoleon and Alexander reached an agreement that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland and called upon Britain to cease its war against France.

On 6 November, Napoleon was in Vitoria and took napoleon bonaparte wikipedia sk ofFrench troops. After a series of victories over Anglo-Spanish forces, they retook Madrid on 4 December. Napoleon left for France on 17 January, leaving Joseph in command. Napoleon never returned to Spain after the campaign. British, Portuguese and Spanish regular forces engaged the French in a protracted series of conflicts.

Meanwhile, a brutal guerrilla war engulfed much of the Spanish countryside, a conflict in which atrocities were committed by both sides. Napoleon later called the Peninsular campaign, "the unlucky war [that] ruined me. Bythe French had been driven from the peninsula, with overcasualties in the campaign. The overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons caused alarm in Austria over Napoleon's ambitions while France's military difficulties in the Peninsular encouraged Austria to go to war.

The Austrian advance, however, was disorganized and they were unable to defeat the Bavarian army before the French could concentrate their forces. The French occupied Vienna on 13 May but most of the population had fled and the retreating army had destroyed all four bridges across the river. Both sides inflicted about 23, casualties on each other and the French were forced back.

After six weeks of preparations, Napoleon made another attempt at crossing the Danube. In August, a British force landed in Holland but lost 4, men, mainly to illness, before withdrawing in December. Napoleon then turned to Austria, and a marriage to the Austrian Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was quickly agreed. The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony on 1 April and a religious service at the Louvre on the following day.

The marriage to Marie Louise was widely seen as a shift in French policy towards stronger ties with Austria and away from the already strained relationship with Russia. With the annexation of the Papal states MayFebruaryHolland July and the northern coastal regions of Westphalia Augustmainland France further increased its territory. In DecemberNapoleon annexed the Duchy of Oldenburg which Alexander considered an insult as his uncle was the duke.

The Tsar responded by allowing neutral shipping into Russian ports and banning most French imports. Russia feared that Napoleon intended to restore the Kingdom of Poland while Napoleon suspected Russia of seeking an alliance with Britain against France. In lateNapoleon began planning an invasion of Russia. A Franco-Prussian alliance signed in February forced Prussia to provide 20, troops for the invasion and, in March, Austria agreed to provide 30, men.

Napoleon called the invasion the "Second Polish War," but he refused to guarantee an independent Poland for fear of alienating his Austrian and Prussian allies. On 24 June, Napoleon's troops began crossing the Nieman river into Russian Lithuania with the aim of luring the Russians into one or two decisive battles. The battle resulted in 44, Russian and 35, French dead, wounded or captured, in one of the bloodiest days of battle in Europe up to that time.

The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible". The following evening, the city was set on fire on the orders of its governor Feodor Rostopchin. Alexander, in St Petersburgrefused to negotiate a peace, and after six weeks Napoleon's army evacuated Moscow. After capturing Maloyaroslavets with the loss of 4, to 10, men, Napoleon retreated towards Smolensk.

The French were attacked by Cossacks and peasants and suffered from the intense cold, disease and lack of food and water. Around 40, to 50, troops reached Smolensk on 9 November, a loss of about 60, in three weeks. Napoleon also heard that an attempted coup by General Malet in Paris had only narrowly failed.