Biography miguel hidalgo y costilla

Father Hidalgo fled north but was captured and executed in The anniversary of his call is celebrated as Mexico's Independence Day, with Hidalgo remembered as the "Father of Mexican Independence. Despite his vows to the Church, Father Hidalgo was not interested in following the accepted path of an 18th century Mexican Catholic priest.

He espoused the works of European Enlightenment thinkers, socialized freely, acquired properties and reportedly fathered several children out of wedlock. Outside of his parish duties, Father Hidalgo studied languages, cultivated vineyards and olive groves and opened a pottery-making plant. He also showed his compassion for underprivileged members of the community by holding workshops for them to learn skills like carpentry and blacksmithing.

Meanwhile, Hidalgo became prominently involved in intellectual circles that harbored increasing concerns over political control of New Spain. After Napoleon Bonaparte forced out King Ferdinand VII in and placed his brother Joseph in charge of Spanish territories, Hidalgo and his allies formulated plans to overthrow the regional viceroy and establish a ruling body loyal to the imprisoned Ferdinand.

When word of his impending rebellion leaked to the Spanish, Hidalgo was forced to speed up his plans. After Hidalgo settled in Dolores, he turned over most of the clerical duties to one of his vicars, Francisco Iglesias, and devoted himself almost exclusively to commerce, intellectual pursuits and humanitarian activities. He established factories to make bricks and pottery and trained indigenous people in the making of leather.

However, these activities violated mercantilist policies designed to protect agriculture and industry in Spain, and Hidalgo was ordered to stop them. These policies as well as exploitation of mixed race castas fostered animosity in Hidalgo towards the Peninsular-born Spaniards in Mexico. In addition to restricting economic activities in New Spain, Spanish mercantile practices caused misery for native peoples.

A drought in — caused a famine in the Dolores area, and rather than releasing stored grain to market, Spanish merchants blocked its release, speculating on price increases. Hidalgo lobbied against these practices but was not successful. Fearing arrest, [ 19 ] Hidalgo ordered his brother Mauricio, as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasoloto go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release prison inmates in Dolores on the night of 15 Septembersetting eighty free.

On the morning of 16 SeptemberHidalgo celebrated Masswhich was attended by about people, including hacienda owners, local politicians, and Spaniards. There he gave what is now known as the Grito de Dolores Cry of Dolores[ 26 ] calling the people of his parish to leave their homes and join with him in a rebellion against the biography miguel hidalgo y costilla government, in the name of their King, Ferdinand VII.

Hidalgo's Grito did not condemn the notion of monarchy or criticize the current social order in detail, but his opposition to the events in Spain and the current viceregal government was clearly expressed in his reference to bad government. The Grito also emphasized loyalty to the Catholic religion, a sentiment with which both Creoles and Peninsulares could sympathize.

Hidalgo was met with an outpouring of support. Intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people followed Hidalgo with enthusiasm. However, Hidalgo's actions and the people's response meant he would lead and not Allende. Allende had acquired military training when New Spain established a colonial militia whereas Hidalgo had none. The insurgents who followed Hidalgo also had no military training, experience or equipment.

Many of these people were poor who were angry after many years of hunger and oppression. Consequently, Hidalgo was the leader of undisciplined rebels. Hidalgo's leadership gave the insurgent movement a supernatural aspect.

Biography miguel hidalgo y costilla: Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo

Many villagers that joined the insurgent army came to believe that Fernando VII himself commanded their loyalty to Hidalgo and the monarch was in New Spain personally directing the rebellion against the Viceroyalty. Historian Eric Van Young believes that such ideas gave the movement supernatural and religious legitimacy that went as far as messianic expectation.

Hidalgo and Allende left Dolores with about men, half of whom were on horseback. They remained here for a while and eventually marched towards Mexico City. Through numbers, Hidalgo's army had some early victories. Long live our most Holy Mother of Guadalupe! Long live America and death to bad government! The extent and the intensity of the movement took colonial authorities by surprise.

On 21 SeptemberHidalgo was proclaimed general and supreme commander after arriving to Celaya. At this point, Hidalgo's army numbered about 5, When rioting ran through the city, Allende tried to break up violence by striking insurgents with the flat of his sword, which brought him a rebuke from Hidalgo. On 28 SeptemberHidalgo arrived at the city of Guanajuato with rebels who were mostly armed with sticks, stones, and machetes.

Allende strongly protested these events and while Hidalgo agreed that they were heinous, he also stated that he understood the historical patterns that shaped such responses. The attacks prompted criollos and peninsulares to ally against the insurgents and caused Hidalgo to lose support from liberal criollos. From Guanajuato, Hidalgo set off for Valladolid on 10 October with 15, men.

With his new rank he had a blue uniform with a clerical collar and red lapels embroidered with silver and gold. His uniform also included a black baldric also embroidered with gold. There was also a large image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in gold on his chest. Hidalgo and his forces took Valladolid with little opposition on 17 October Hidalgo argued that the objective of the war was "to send the gachupines back to the motherland", accusing their greed and tyranny as leading to the temporal and spiritual degradation of Mexicans.

The insurgents stayed in the city preparing to march to the capital of New Spain, Mexico City. Wholesale destruction of the city was not repeated. However, Hidalgo was furious when he found the cathedral locked to him, which led him to jail Spaniards, replace city officials with his own and looting the city treasury before marching off toward Mexico City.

Hidalgo's troops led the royalist troops to retreat, but the insurgents suffered heavy casualties, as they had when they engaged royalist soldiers in Guanajuato. After the Battle of Monte de las Cruces on 30 OctoberHidalgo had someinsurgents and was in a strategic position to attack Mexico City. Hidalgo, a strong egoist, however, assumed grandiose airs and exacerbated a growing schism with Allende's Creole faction.

Calleja's disciplined army of 7, men defeated Hidalgo's horde on January 17, and Hidalgo fled north.

Biography miguel hidalgo y costilla: Who was Miguel Hidalgo y

Suspended from command by the Allende party, Hidalgo was only a figurehead during the retreat. Hidalgo and his companions were removed to Chihuahua for trial and the inevitable executions. Aware that his enterprise had been a catastrophe, Hidalgo repented and apparently signed a public retraction. He was shot on July 30,and his body decapitated. After the republican overthrown of Iturbide, Hidalgo emerged as a patriotic hero.

Modern Mexico venerates him as the Padre de la Patria, and the anniversary of his Grito is celebrated on September 16 as Mexico's independence day. Hugh M. Hamill, Jr. Cumberland, Mexico: The Struggle for Modernity A wealth of detail about the independence movement is in Hubert H. Bancroft, History of Mexico, vol. Hamill, Hugh M. Perlin, D.

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Biography miguel hidalgo y costilla: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was

The father of Mexican Independence; b. Chihuahua, July 30, He graduated with a bachelor's degree from the University of Mexico in and, although he had no vocation for the priesthood, was ordained in In he was banished from Valladolid to the distant parish of Colima because of numerous accusations of heretical opinions and scandal. As a reader of the Encyclopedists and an admirer of the ideas of the Enlightenment, he was tried by the Inquisition in July but was not sentenced at that time.

In October he received the parish of Dolores, where he devoted his efforts to the economic and intellectual improvement of the people of his parish on the principles of the Enlightenment He gave parties, organized an orchestra, and established in his house, in the guise of a school of arts and craftsseveral small industries. He cultivated silkworms, raised bees, and planted vineyards.

Hidalgo had a strong belief that the Spanish leadership was a tyrannical. He therefore organized a series of gatherings at his home to speak with the local people and teach them trades and farming techniques. However, the rebellion needed a leader who had moral authority and good connections with the inferiors in the country. Hidalgo, having all these qualities, was recruited to lead the plot.

On September 15,word came to Hidalgo that their intentions had been compromised. At the time, Hidalgo was in Dolores with a military commander by the name of Ignacio Allende. On the reception of this information, he rang the bells of the church the next morning to call all the people to the church. He announced his intention to fight for independence at the pulpit and encouraged the Dolores people to join him.

Hidalgo and Allende led their growing army to the towns of Celaya and San Miguel where they killed any Spaniard they found on the way and sacked their homes. They reached the city of Guanajuato on the 28th of September.